Read More About It!

WWW info on sphenopsids and ferns:

• UCMP exhibit on
  • sphenopsids
  • ferns
  • the Carboniferous
• American fern society
• Pennsylvanian Research (source page)
• Coal Ball Peel Technique -- This site from the Ohio University provides you with some tips on how to do your own coal ball, in addition to the material provided in lab.
• Plant Anatomy & Morphology, Glenville State College -- Some info on extant taxa.

Abbott, M.L. 1958. The American species of Asterophyllites, Annularia and Sphenophyllum. Bulletin of American Paleontology 38:289-390.

Andrews, H.N. Jr. 1952. Some American petrified calamitean stems. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 39:189-218.

Andrews, H.N., Jr. and E.M. Kern. 1947. The Idaho Tempskyas and associated fossil plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 34:119-186.

Andrews, H.N. and T.L. Phillips. 1968. Rhacophyton from the Upper Devonian of West Virginia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 61:38-64.

Arnold, C.A. 1964. Mesozoic and Tertiary fern evolution and distribution. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 21:58-86.

Battenburg, L.H. 1981. Vegetative anatomy and ecology of Sphenophyllum zwickaviense, S. emarginatum, and other "compression species" of Sphenophyllum. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 32:275-313.

Baxter, R.W. 1955. Palaeostachya andrewsii, a new species of calamitean cone from the American Carboniferous. American Journal of Botany 42:342-351.

Brown, J.T. 1975. Equisetum clarnoi, a new species based on petrifactions from the Eocene of Oregon. American Journal of Botany 62:410-415.

Cichan, M.A. and T.N. Taylor. 1982. Structurally preserved plants from southeastern Kentucky: Stauropteris biseriata sp. nov. American Journal of Botany 69:1491-1496.

Cornet, B., T.L. Phillips and H.N. Andrews. 1976. The morphology and variation in Rhacophyton ceratangium from the Upper Devonian and its bearing on frond evolution. Palaeontographica B158:105-129.

Eggert, D.A. 1959. Studies of Paleozoic ferns, the morphology, anatomy and taxonomy of Ankyropteris glabra. American Journal of Botany 46:510=520.

Eggert, D.A. 1962. The ontogeny of Carboniferous arborescent Sphenopsida. Paleontographica B110:99-127.

Eggert, D.A. 1964. The question of the phylogenetic position of the Coenopteridales. Memoir of the Torrey Botanical Club 21:38-57.

Ehret, D.L. and T.L. Phillips. 1977. Psaronius root systems--Morphology and development. Palaeontographica B161:147-164.

Good, C.W. 1973. Studies of Sphenophyllum shoots: Species delimitation within the taxon Sphenophyllum. American Journal of Botany 60:929-939.

Good, C.W. 1975. Pennsylvanian-age calamitean cones, elater-bearing spores, and associated vegetative organs. Palaeontographica B153:28-99.

Good, C.W. and T.N. Taylor 1972. The ontogeny of Carboniferous articulates: The apex of Sphenophyllum. American Journal of Botany 59:617-626.

Gould, R.E. 1970. Palaeosmunda, a new genus of siphonostelic osmundaceous trunks from the Upper Permian of Queensland. Palaeontology 13:10-28.

Hall, J.W. 1974. Cretaceous Salviniaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61:354-367.

Levittan, E.D. and E.. Barghoorn. 1948. Sphenostrobus thompsonii: A new genus of the Sphenophyllales. American Journal of Botany 46:530-536.

Mamay, S.H. 1968. Russellites, new genus, a problematical plant from the Lower Permian of Texas. Geological Survey Professional Paper 593-I:1-15.

Millay, M.A. 1977. Acaulangium gen. nov., a fertile marattialean from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Illinois. American Journal of Botany 64:223-229.

Millay, M.A. 1978. Studies of Paleozoic marattialeans: the morphology and phylogenetic position of Eoangiopteris goodii sp. nov. American Journal of Botany 65:577-583.

Millay, M.A. 1979. Studies of Paleozoic marattialeans: a monograph of the American species of Scolecopteris. Palaeontographica B169:1-69.

Morgan, J. 1959. The morphology and anatomy of American species of the genus Psaronius. Illinois Biological Monographs 27:1-108.

Murdy, W.H. and H.N. Andrews, Jr. 1957. A study of Botryopteris globosa Darrah. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 84:252-267.

Pfefferkorn, H.W. 1976. Pennsylvanian tree fern compressions Caulopteris, Megaphyton and Artisophyton gen. nov. in Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 492:1-31.

Phillips, T.L. 1974. Evolution of vegetative morphology in coenopterid ferns. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61:427-461.

Rothwell, G.W. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships of ferns: a paleobotanical perspective. In: J.M. Camus, M. Gibby and R.J. Johns (eds.) Pteridology In Perspective, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 395-404.

Rothwell, G.W. 1996. Pteridophytic evolution; an often underappreciated phytological success story. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 90:209-222.

Smoot, E.L. and T.N. Taylor 1978. Etapteris leclercqii sp. nov., a zygopterid fern from the Pennsylvanian of North America. American Journal of Botany 65:571-576.

Stein, W.E., Jr., D.C. Wright and C.B. Beck. 1984. Possible alternatives for the origin of Sphenopsida. Systematic Botany 9:102-118.

Taylor, T.N. 1970. The morphology of Bowmanites dawsoni spores. Micropaleontology 16:243-248.

Taylor, T.N. 1981. Paleobotany: An Introduction to Fossil Plant Biology. McGraw-Hill, New York, 589pp.

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