Properties and Changes of Properties in Matter

Physical Science
Properties and Changes of Properties in Matter

National Standards State Standards SFUSD Standards

B1a * A substance has characteristic properties, such as density, a boiling point, and solubility, all of which are independent of the amount of the sample. A mixture of substances often can be separated into the original substances using one or more of the characteristic properties. 5.1f. differences in chemical and physical properties of substances are used to separate mixtures and identify compounds.
8.3. Elements have distinct properties and atomic structure....(partial)
8.7c. substances can be classified by their properties, including melting temperature, density, hardness, heat, and electrical conductivity.
8.8a. density is mass per unit volume. (partial)
8.8b. how to calculate the density of substances (regular and irregular solids, and liquids) from measurements of mass and volume. (partial)
8.8d. how to predict whether an object will float or sink. (partial)
Content Standard 1: Students understand that substances have characteristic properties such as density, boiling point, and solubility, which are independent of the amount of the sample. A mixture of substances can often be separated into the original substances by using one or more of these characteristic properties.

B1b* Substances react chemically in characteristic ways with other substances to form new substances (compounds) with different characteristic properties. In chemical reactions, the total mass is conserved. Substances often are placed in categories or groups if they react in similar ways; metals is an example of such a group. 5.1a. during chemical reactions, the atoms in the reactants rearrange to form products with different properties.
5.1c. metals have properties in common, such as electrical and thermal conductivity. Some metals, such as aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), are pure elements while others such as steel and brass, are composed of a combination of elemental metals.
5.1d. each element is made of one kind of atom. These elements are organized in the Periodic Table by their chemical properties.
8.3b. compounds are formed by combining two or more different elements. Compounds have properties that are different from the constituent elements.
8.5. Chemical reactions are processes in which atoms are rearranged into different combinations of molecules.
8.5a. reactant atoms and molecules interact to form products with different chemical properties.
8.5b. the idea of atoms explains the conservation of matter: in chemical reactions the number of atoms stays the same no matter how they are arranged, so their total mass stays the same.
Content Standard 5 (partial): Students understand that by varying pressure, temperature, and volume, substances can undergo either chemical changes in which a new substance with different properties is formed or physical changes where substances retain their characteristic properties yet undergo a change of state.

B1c* Chemical elements do not break down during normal laboratory reactions involving such treatments as heating, exposure to electric current, or reaction with acids. There are more than 100 known elements that combine in a multitude of ways to produce compounds, which account for the living and nonliving substances that we encounter. 5.1. Elements and their combinations account for all the varied types of matter in the world.
8.3. (partial)...All matter is comprised of one or more of over 100 elements.
Content Standard 6: Students understand that matter is composed of the same basic indestructible particles that remain constant through any chemical or physical change. These particles can act alone (atoms) or in groups (molecules) to form matter in all its multitude of forms.

NOT PRESENT IN NATIONAL STDS 5.1b. all matter is made of atoms, which may combine to form molecules.
5.1e. scientists have developed instruments that can create images of atoms and molecules showing that they are discrete and often occur in well ordered arrays.
5.1g. properties of solid, liquid, and gaseous substances, such as sugar (C6H12O6), water (H2O), helium (He), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2),and carbon dioxide (CO2).
5.1h. living organisms and most materials are composed of just a few elements.
5.1i. common properties of salts, such as sodium chloride (NaCl).
8.3a. the structure of the atom and how it is composed of protons, neutrons and electrons.
8.3c. atoms and molecules form solids by building up repeating patterns such as the crystal structure of NaCl or long chain polymers.
8.3d. the states (solid, liquid, gas) of matter depend on molecular motion.
8.3e. in solids the atoms are closely locked in position and can only vibrate, in liquids the atoms and molecules are more loosely connected and can collide with and move past one another, while in gases the atoms or molecules are free to move independently, colliding frequently.
8.3f. how to use the Periodic Table to identify elements in simple compounds.
8.5d. physical processes include freezing and boiling, in which a material changes form with no chemical reaction. (Met by SFUSD Content Standard 5)
8.5e. how to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic or neutral.
8.6. Principles of chemistry underlie the functioning of biological systems. As a basis for understanding this concept, students know:
8.6a. carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms.
8.6b. living organisms are made of molecules largely consisting of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.
8.6c. living organisms have many different kinds of molecules including small ones such as water and salt, and very large ones such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and DNA.
8.7. The organization of the Periodic Table is based on the properties of the elements and reflects the structure of atoms. As a basis for understanding this concept, students know:
8.7a. how to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals and inert gases.
8.7b. elements are defined by the number of protons in the nucleus, which is called the atomic number. Different isotopes of an element have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus.
8.8. All objects experience a buoyant force when immersed in a fluid.
8.8c. the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid it has displaced.
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National Standards	State Standards	SFUSD Standards
B1a * A substance has characteristic properties, such as density, a boiling point, and solubility, all of which are independent of the amount of the sample. A mixture of substances often can be separated into the original substances using one or more of the characteristic properties.	5.1f. differences in chemical and physical properties of substances are used to separate mixtures and identify compounds. 8.3. Elements have distinct properties and atomic structure....(partial) 8.7c. substances can be classified by their properties, including melting temperature, density, hardness, heat, and electrical conductivity. 8.8a. density is mass per unit volume. (partial) 8.8b. how to calculate the density of substances (regular and irregular solids, and liquids) from measurements of mass and volume. (partial) 8.8d. how to predict whether an object will float or sink. (partial)	Content Standard 1: Students understand that substances have characteristic properties such as density, boiling point, and solubility, which are independent of the amount of the sample. A mixture of substances can often be separated into the original substances by using one or more of these characteristic properties.
B1b* Substances react chemically in characteristic ways with other substances to form new substances (compounds) with different characteristic properties. In chemical reactions, the total mass is conserved. Substances often are placed in categories or groups if they react in similar ways; metals is an example of such a group.	5.1a. during chemical reactions, the atoms in the reactants rearrange to form products with different properties. 5.1c. metals have properties in common, such as electrical and thermal conductivity. Some metals, such as aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), are pure elements while others such as steel and brass, are composed of a combination of elemental metals. 5.1d. each element is made of one kind of atom. These elements are organized in the Periodic Table by their chemical properties. 8.3b. compounds are formed by combining two or more different elements. Compounds have properties that are different from the constituent elements. 8.5. Chemical reactions are processes in which atoms are rearranged into different combinations of molecules. 8.5a. reactant atoms and molecules interact to form products with different chemical properties. 8.5b. the idea of atoms explains the conservation of matter: in chemical reactions the number of atoms stays the same no matter how they are arranged, so their total mass stays the same.	Content Standard 5 (partial): Students understand that by varying pressure, temperature, and volume, substances can undergo either chemical changes in which a new substance with different properties is formed or physical changes where substances retain their characteristic properties yet undergo a change of state.
B1c* Chemical elements do not break down during normal laboratory reactions involving such treatments as heating, exposure to electric current, or reaction with acids. There are more than 100 known elements that combine in a multitude of ways to produce compounds, which account for the living and nonliving substances that we encounter.	5.1. Elements and their combinations account for all the varied types of matter in the world. 8.3. (partial)...All matter is comprised of one or more of over 100 elements.	Content Standard 6: Students understand that matter is composed of the same basic indestructible particles that remain constant through any chemical or physical change. These particles can act alone (atoms) or in groups (molecules) to form matter in all its multitude of forms.
NOT PRESENT IN NATIONAL STDS	5.1b. all matter is made of atoms, which may combine to form molecules. 5.1e. scientists have developed instruments that can create images of atoms and molecules showing that they are discrete and often occur in well ordered arrays. 5.1g. properties of solid, liquid, and gaseous substances, such as sugar (C6H12O6), water (H2O), helium (He), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2),and carbon dioxide (CO2). 5.1h. living organisms and most materials are composed of just a few elements. 5.1i. common properties of salts, such as sodium chloride (NaCl). 8.3a. the structure of the atom and how it is composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. 8.3c. atoms and molecules form solids by building up repeating patterns such as the crystal structure of NaCl or long chain polymers. 8.3d. the states (solid, liquid, gas) of matter depend on molecular motion. 8.3e. in solids the atoms are closely locked in position and can only vibrate, in liquids the atoms and molecules are more loosely connected and can collide with and move past one another, while in gases the atoms or molecules are free to move independently, colliding frequently. 8.3f. how to use the Periodic Table to identify elements in simple compounds. 8.5d. physical processes include freezing and boiling, in which a material changes form with no chemical reaction. (Met by SFUSD Content Standard 5) 8.5e. how to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic or neutral. 8.6. Principles of chemistry underlie the functioning of biological systems. As a basis for understanding this concept, students know: 8.6a. carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms. 8.6b. living organisms are made of molecules largely consisting of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. 8.6c. living organisms have many different kinds of molecules including small ones such as water and salt, and very large ones such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and DNA. 8.7. The organization of the Periodic Table is based on the properties of the elements and reflects the structure of atoms. As a basis for understanding this concept, students know: 8.7a. how to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals and inert gases. 8.7b. elements are defined by the number of protons in the nucleus, which is called the atomic number. Different isotopes of an element have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus. 8.8. All objects experience a buoyant force when immersed in a fluid. 8.8c. the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid it has displaced.	n/a