Notes

Outline

Mid-Latitude Storms Nature’s Giant Eggbeaters

SFSU Workshop 11/2/02 Contact: Oswaldo Garcia Professor of Meteorology Department of Geosciences San Francisco State University Phone: (415) 338-2798 E-mail: ogarcia@sfsu.edu

Agenda - November 2, 2002 Energy imbalances between tropics (low latitudes) and polar regions (high latitudes) - winter and summer Hot and getting hotter, cold and getting colder… Something needs to happen to mix the hot and cold air (to even out imbalances) Mid-latitude storms come to the rescue All about mid-latitude storms - not quite… Good place to get fog pictures

Warming up the earth Solar energy received depends on the angle at which sunbeams arrive Flashlight analogy

High and low latitudes

Angle at which sunbeams arrive The angle depends on the time of year, time of day and your location (latitude) Let’s compare what happens at a    high latitude location (Alaska) and a    low latitude location (Mexico) during summer and winter

Figuring out how much solar energy different places get Go to http://virga.sfsu.edu/javascripts/wx Visit “Earth-Sun Geometry” module Select Latitude for Alaska (60 N) and for Mexico (20 N) Let it run for a year. How do the angles of the two sunbeams compare in summer? Winter? When is the difference between the two sunbeams the greatest?

What happens to the air temperature as a result? Visit http://virga.sfsu.edu/scripts/temp_700_mw_archloop.html Look at areas that have cold air (blue) and warm air (red) Notice where the (white) boundary between the cold and warm air is The boundary is “wavy” and it moves! Mid-latitude storms form at that “wavy” boundary

Snapshot of temperature differences between latitudes

What do mid-latitude storms look like from space?

Identifying mid-latitude storms They occur in the mid-latitudes Their clouds are arranged in a “comma” shape in the northern hemisphere Their clouds are arranges in an “upside down comma shape” in the Southern Hemisphere

Mid-latitude storms in motion To see the temperature differences between high and low latitudes in motion go to: http://virga.sfsu.edu/scripts/temp_700_mw_archloop.html To see the storms that develop as a result of these differences go to: http://virga.sfsu.edu/scripts/mwir_archloop.html

What do mid-latitude storms do? They mix cold air from the high latitudes with warm air from the low latitudes (giant eggbeaters!) They produce a lot of clouds and rain as a result They produce almost all the rain we get in San Francisco during the winter

When a lot of mid-latitude storms visit San Francisco Movie of February 1998 - a very wet month (during the last El Niño period) Visit: http://virga.sfsu.edu/sfrocks/precip/images/feb1998.mov

Finally…fog pictures Best place to see what parts of California have fog. Daytime pictures only http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/satellite/1km/Monterey/VIS1MTR.GIF