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IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION: Miocene Mammal Mapping Project (MIOMAP)Metadata:
Identification_Information: RETURN TO TOPCitation: The MIOMAP database should be cited as follows: Carrasco, M. A., B.P. Kraatz, E. B. Davis, and A. D. Barnosky. 2005. Miocene Mammal Mapping Project (MIOMAP). University of California Museum of Paleontology http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/miomap/.
Citation_Information: Originator: Anthony D. Barnosky Originator: Marc A. Carrasco Originator: Brian P. Kraatz Originator: Edward B. Davis Funding: National Science Foundation EAR 9909353, 0310221 Funding: National Science Foundation Minority Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program Funding: University of California Museum of Paleontology Publication_Date: 20050101 (January 1, 2005) Title: Miocene Mammal Mapping Project (MIOMAP) Geopatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Online, interactive maps and database Publication_Information: Publication Place: Berkeley, CA 94720 Publisher: Museum of Paleontology, University of California (published online) Online_linkage: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/miomap/
Description:Abstract: The primary data are published occurrences of mammals of late Oligocene (Arikareean) through Miocene (Hemphillian) age in the western United States (i.e. between approximately longitudes 95ē-125ē W in the USA, excluding the Texas Gulf Coast). For each species occurrence, the following data were entered: taxonomic name (as of 2004), latitude and longitude, land-mammal age, geological occurrence, and taphonomic information as specified at http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/miomap/about/datastructure.html.
Data entry began in 2000 and concluded in 2005. As of 2005, this is an archival database, meaning that the information is a static representation of the data entered before December 31, 2004, with taxonomy and age assignments appropriately converted to the standards as described below. For use in research applications, the complete or partial database can be downloaded from http://miomap.berkeley.edu/. Users should update the archival database as appropriate for their purposes, and cite the MIOMAP project as noted above in publications. Currently there are no plans to add to the database after completion of the funding period in 2005.
Purpose: The principal reason for which the database was produced was to conduct research on how major disruptions to the physical environment affected species richness, evolutionary patterns, and biogeographic patterns in mammals from approximately 30 million to 5 million years ago (Arikareean through Hemphillian Land-Mammal Ages). The perturbations of most interest were middle Miocene tectonism in the northern Rocky Mountains and Great Basin, and the climatic warming events of the late Oligocene and mid-Miocene climatic optimum. A major goal was to understand whether biotic change was effected more by climatic events or tectonic events on the hundreds-of-thousands to million-year timescale. The MIOMAP database parallels the FAUNMAP structure to facilitate analyses that would require both databases. Additional background is available at: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/miomap/about/index.html.
Supplemental_Information: M. A. Carrasco extracted the data from the literature and entered it for most of the states. For the states of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, data was originally compiled by A. D. Barnosky; checked, added to, and entered by Sabrina Minter and B. P. Kraatz; and updated by A. D. Barnosky and M. A. Carrasco. The Nevada portion of the database was developed by E. B. Davis. A. D. Barnosky coordinated all aspects of the project and developed the web site prototype. Colleen Whitney at University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP) and John Deck at the Berkeley Natural History Museums (BNHM) provided technical assistance during development of the database. UCMP hosts the Miomap Web site and provides ongoing support for the Web site and the database. BNHM provided and supports the mapping application, which was developed by John Deck and extended and customized for MIOMAP by Edward Davis. The BNMH hosts the mySQL database and PHP scripts, which were developed by Brian Kraatz. Imaging of type specimens was by Brian Kraatz, Alan Shabel , A. D. Barnosky, and Kacey Ballard and benefited from integration with the CalPhotos/Digital Library Project.See Process Steps for details.
Time_Period_of_Content:Time_Period_Information: The content covers the time range of Arikareean (ca. 30 million years ago) through Hemphillian (ca. 5 million years ago) North American Land-mammal Age.
Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning Date: For data entry, 20000101 (January 1, 2000) Ending Date: For data entry, 20040101 (December 31, 2004)
Currentness_Reference: The Range of Dates/Times indicates when the data were compiled and entered.
Status:Progress: Complete as of December 31, 2004 Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned; occasional updates and corrections may occur as needed and as funding permits.
Spatial_Domain:Description_of_Geographic_Extent: Approximately the western half of the United States Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -125.0 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -95.0 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 46.0 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 30.0
Keywords:Theme: Theme_Keyword: Mammal Theme_Keyword: Fossil Place: Place_Keyword: Western United States Place_Keyword: Arizona Place_Keyword: California Place_Keyword: Colorado Place_Keyword: Idaho Place_Keyword: Kansas Place_Keyword: Montana Place_Keyword: Nebraska Place_Keyword: Nevada Place_Keyword: New Mexico Place_Keyword: North Dakota Place_Keyword: Oklahoma Place_Keyword: Oregon Place_Keyword: South Dakota Place_Keyword: Texas Place_Keyword: Utah Place_Keyword: Washington Place_Keyword: Wyoming
Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Stratum_Keyword: Geological Stratum_Keyword: Fossil
Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: Tedford, R. H., L. B. Albright III, A. D. Barnosky, I. Ferrusquia-Villafranca, R. M. Hunt, Jr., J. E. Storer, C. C. Swisher III, M. R. Voorhies, S. D. Webb, and D. P. Whistler. 2004. Mammalian biochronology of the Arikareean through Hemphillian interval (Late Oligocene through Early Pliocene epochs), p. 169-231 in M. O. Woodburne (ed.), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. Columbia University Press, New York. Temporal_Keyword: Arikareean Temporal_Keyword: Hemingfordian Temporal_Keyword: Barstovian Temporal_Keyword: Clarendonian Temporal_Keyword: Hemphillian Temporal_Keyword: Oligocene Temporal_Keyword: Miocene Temporal Keyword: Pliocene Temporal_Keyword: Cenozoic Temporal_Keyword: Neogene
Access_Constraints: None.
Use_Constraints:Use of this data for commercial purposes is prohibited. This data should be used in a manner consistent with its accuracy and precision. In most cases locations were obtained from published information that required interpolation into latitude and longitude from section, range, and township, or even less exact specifications. Therefore most locations should be regarded as approximate. MNI and NISP information, depositional data (i.e., depositional system, environment, and facies), and taphonomic attributes (i.e., recovery methods, agent of accumulation, and mixing) reflect only what could be extracted from published literature in most cases. This results in incomplete knowledge of these data for most localities. Analyses that employ this information should account for this and other biases inherent in fossil data. In addition, all relative ages provided are best estimates based primarily on the Tedford et al. (2004) publication and therefore will need to be updated in accordance with any future changes in the biochronologic timescale.
Point_of_Contact:Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Museum of Paleontology, University of California Contact_Person: Anthony D. Barnosky, Marc A. Carrasco Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing Address Address: Department of Integrative Biology Address: University of California City: Berkeley State_or_Province: California Postal_Code: 94720 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (510) 643-6275 (Barnosky) Contact_Voice_Telephone: (510) 642-5318 (Carrasco) Contact_Facsimile_Telephone (510) 642-5318 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: barnosky@socrates.berkeley.edu (Barnosky) Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: carrasco@socrates.berkeley.edu (Carrasco) Hours_of_Service: 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Monday through Friday
Browse Graphic:Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://chignik.berkeley.edu/daviseb/index.php Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Fossil localities Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PHP, PNG
Security_Information:Security_Classification_System: None
Native_Data_Set_Environment:Windows XP, MySQL. The mapping application was created by John Deck to display maps based on Berkeley Natural History Museums specimen metadata.
Data_Quality_Information: RETURN TO TOPAttribute_Accuracy:Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Latitudes and longitudes are those interpolated from the publications that reported the fossil sites. In most cases these are not exact. Rarely were latitudes and longitudes reported, especially in older literature. Commonly geographic positions were given in section, township and range. These coordinates were converted to latitude and longitude by using the conversion routines at www.esg.montana.edu/gl/trs-data.html or www.topozone.com and then plotted at www.topozone.com. In some cases only a map and/or geographic description were given in publications; these localities were assigned a latitude and longitude that corresponded with the geographic description, thus are only approximations of where the true locality lies, and in the worst cases are plotted at the center of the county in which they occur. Color coding showing the accuracy of sites is available on the interactive maps (http://chignik.berkeley.edu/daviseb/index.php). Accuracy is expressed as EXACT if the latitude and longitude were reported; as USGS Township if the latitude and longitude was inferred from a section/township/range description; as QUAD PRECISE if the locality description allowed precise placement on a USGS quadrangle map (usually 7.5š); as QUAD APPROX if the description allowed placement on a portion of the map but was not detailed enough for precise placement; and as COUNTY CENTER if the locality information was so lacking that the best resolution was placing it in a certain county. In general, EXACT and USGS Township implies that the locality is within a 1 km radius of the latitude and longitude in the database, QUAD PRECISE within a 5 km radius, QUAD APPROX within a 10 km radius, and COUNTY CENTER within a county. As of 2004 the Landsat images used in the map interface and provided by the JPL WMS service have an offset of 100-200 meters worldwide. JPL was working to fix this but it is unknown when the fix will be completed.
Logical_Consistency_Report:All information was extracted from publications in a standard way using the data attributes, tables, and codes specified at http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/miomap/about/datastructure.html and http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/miomap/about/lookuptables2.html
Completeness_Report:For each publication, inasmuch as much as was possible, all of the information to fill the fields of the data tables was extracted (see URLs in the Logical Consistency Report). In order for an occurrence to be included in the database, at least a taxon name, voucher specimen in a museum, locality name, geographic description of the locality, and biochronologic age assessment had to be published in a peer-reviewed publication, a Ph. D. Dissertation or a Masters Thesis that we deemed particularly critical, or available from unpublished museum collections that Barnosky had extensive experience with (Hepburnšs Mesa, Montana, and Railroad Canyon, Idaho) or for which we had access to primary field notes (several Nevada localities). All items in the database therefore contain entries in the Locality Table, Faunal Table, Relative Age Table, Reference Table, and Electronic Bibliography. It was not always possible to fill all of the data fields in these or the other tables (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/miomap/about/datastructure.html), but as much information as was available from the published literature was utilized. Blank fields in the data tables mean that the information is not available from the published literature.
Positional_Accuracy:Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: A representative number of localities were verified on the map plots to ensure that major positional errors were not present. The positions are those inferred from our reading of the primary literature (see Attribute Accuracy) and have not been ground-truthed. Lineage:Source_Information: Paleontological and Geological Occurrences Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Various, see Online Bibliography Publication_Date: Various, see Online Bibliography Title: Various, see Online Bibliography Geospatial_Presentation_Form: Written descriptions or sketch maps, see Online Bibliography Publication_Information: Various, see Online Bibliography Other_Citation_Details: Various, see Online Bibliography Online_Linkage: Online Bibliography Source_Scale_Denominator: Various, see Online Bibliography Type_of_Source_Media: Paper publications. Source_Time_Period_of_Content: ~1860 to 2004, see Online Bibliography Time_Period_Information: Single_Date?Time Calendar_Date: Source_Currentness_Reference: Publication Date, see Online Bibliography Source_Contribution: Provided the raw locality data, geological information, taphonomic information, and biochronologic information, that was entered into the database.
Source_Information: Initial Taxonomic and Biochronologic Standard for Ungulates and Carnivores Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Janis, C. M., K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) Publication_Date: 1998 Title: Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Geospatial_Presentation_Form: Written descriptions Publication_Information: Cambridge University Press, New York Other_Citation_Details: None Online_Linkage: None Source_Scale_Denominator: N/A Type_of_Source_Media: Published Paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content Time_Period_Information: Single _Date_Time Calendar_Date: Source_Currentness_Reference: Publication Date Source_Contribution: Genus and species names, and biochronologic occurrences from earlier papers were updated to conform to this reference; if a later publication up to 2004 superceded the taxonomy or biochronology used in the Janis et al. volume, the more recent taxonomy or biochronology was used. In general, all oreodont taxonomy in the database followed Lander (1998 in the Janis et al. volume), because of the considerable uncertainty that exists (even subsequent to 1998) for naming taxa this group.
Source Information: Initial Taxonomic Standard for Rodentia Source Citation: Citation Information: Originator: Korth, W. W. Publication Date: 1994 Title: The Tertiary Record of Rodents in North America Geospatial Presentation Form: Written descriptions Publication Information: Plenum Press, New York Other Citiation Details: None Online Linkage: None Source Scale Denominator: N/A Type of Source Media: Published Paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content Time_Period_Information: Single _Date_Time Calendar_Date: Source_Currentness_Reference: Publication Date Source_Contribution: Genus and species names of rodent taxa were updated to conform to this reference; if a later publication up to 2004 superceded the taxonomy used in the Korth book, the more recent taxonomy was used.
Source_Information: Standard for Higher Taxa Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: McKenna, M. C. and S. K. Bell Publication_Date: 1997 Title: Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level Geospatial_Presentation_Form: Written descriptions Publication_Information: Columbia University Press, New York Other_Citation_Details: None Online_Linkage: None Source_Scale_Denominator: N/A Type_of_Source_Media: Published Paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: Source_Currentness_Reference: Publication_Date Source_Contribution: This reference was used as the initial taxonomic standard above the species level; when more recent literature (through 2004) provided updates, the more recent designation was used.
Source_Information: Biochronologic Standard Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Tedford, R. H., L. B. Albright III, A. D. Barnosky, I. Ferrusquia-Villafranca, R. M. Hunt, Jr., J. E. Storer, C. C. Swisher III, M. R. Voorhies, S. D. Webb, and D. P. Whistler. Publication_Date: 2004 Title: Mammalian biochronology of the Arikareean through Hemphillian interval (Late Oligocene through Early Pliocene epochs), p. 169-231 in M. O. Woodburne (ed.), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. Geospatial_Presentation_Form: Written descriptions Publication_Information: Columbia University Press, New York Other_Citation_Details: None Online_Linkage: None Source_Scale_Denominator: N/A Type_of_Source_Media: Published Paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content Time_Period_Information: Single _Date_Time Calendar_Date: Source_Currentness_Reference: Publication_Date Source_Contribution: This reference provides the biochronologic scheme and correlation to the radiometric and magnetostratigraphic time scales that are used in the current version of the MIOMAP archival database. Before 2004, publications that used the MIOMAP database followed slightly different conventions listed at http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/miomap/about/lookuptables2.html.
Source_Information: Biochronologic Standard Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Woodburne, M. O. and C. C. Swisher III Publication_Date: 1995 Title: Land mammal high-resolution geochronology, intercontinental overland dispersals, sea level, climate, and vicariance Geospatial_Presentation_Form: Written descriptions Publication_Information: SEPM Special Publication 54: 335-364. Other_Citation_Details: None Online_Linkage: None Source_Scale_Denominator: N/A Type_of_Source_Media: Published Paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content Time_Period_Information: Single _Date_Time Calendar_Date: Source_Currentness_Reference: Publication_Date Source_Contribution: This reference was used as a standard for correlations between biochronologic, magnetostratigraphic, and radiometric scales in an interim version of the MIOMAP database that existed before 2004. As of 2004, all entries were adjusted to conform to Tedford et al. (2004). Before 2004, publications that used MIOMAP data used an earlier version of the database, which considered the correlations as listed at http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/miomap/about/lookuptables2.html.
Source_Information: Online Mapping Capabilities Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Deck, John Publication_Date: 2004 Title: Berkeley Natural History Museums (BNHM) Online Maps Geospatial_Presentation_Form: Online Maps Publication_Information: http://bnhmmaps.berkeley.edu/ Other_Citation_Details: None Online_Linkage: http://bnhmmaps.berkeley.edu/ Source_Scale_Denominator: Various, see Online Bibliography Type_of_Source_Media: Web server Source_Time_Period_of_Content: 2005 Time_Period_Information: Single _Date_Time Calendar_Date: Source_Currentness_Reference: Publication_Date Source_Contribution: Provides the map interface to serve the MIOMAP database. The BNHM Online Map server uses open source PHP MapScript 4.0 to access mySQL databases and dynamically create georeferenced shapefiles based upon locality data in those databases. These shapefiles are displayed as .png graphics using the open source CGI MapServer 4.0. The .png maps can be browsed using both a Java application for drawing queries directly on the map and by changing options in an html form. Scales of display range from global views to views on the order of square kilometers. Data can be displayed on a variety of basemaps, most of which are dynamically added from other Web Mapping Services. Maps are projected in geographic coordinates.
Process_Step:Process_Description: We entered relevant information for more than 2790 fossil localities, as specified in the Completeness Report. The data extraction and entry steps involved the following steps. (1) Extraction of primary bibliographic references, specimen information, and locality information for the relevant time periods from Appendix I (Tertiary mammal localities) of Janis et al. (1998). Additional localities were discovered by following the paper trail from one paperšs bibliography to another, and by using the UC Berkeley library system to keep abreast of literature that appeared from 1998-2004. To be included, taxa had to be represented by a voucher specimen, localities had to be described well enough to be geographically placed at least in a county, and a biochronologic age assignment had to be derivable from the information provided in the publication. We attempted to include all peer-reviewed publications, and also included information from a few Ph. D. Dissertations or Masters Theses that we deemed particularly critical. All information was keyed using individual localities. However, some publications only included faunal lists that aggregated taxa from numerous localities without attributing any of those taxa to specific localities. These faunas were entered as single locality entries with a note in the comment field discussing their composite nature. In other publications, some of the taxa in a faunal list were referred to specific localities while the remaining taxa were not attributed to a locality. In these instances, those localities with known taxa were entered as single locality entries. The remaining unattributed taxa were lumped together in a single locality entry (entitled ŗGeneral . . . ŗ), even though those taxa may have come from one of the identified localities. (2) The information we found by searching the primary literature was compared with the locality and taxon lists compiled by J. Alroy in the Paleobiology Database to ensure all principal localities and taxa were included. (Early in the project this comparison was with the North American Mammalian Paleofaunal Database, which was subsequently merged into the Paleobiology Database). (3) We utilized information from unpublished specimens for key areas for which little published information existed (Hepburnšs Mesa, Montana, Railroad Canyon, Idaho, the state of Nevada). In most cases these specimens were from areas in which Barnosky had worked extensively and for which better identifications than had been published were available (Hepburnšs Mesa, Railroad Canyon) or for which primary field notes and examination of key specimens was possible (Nevada). The unpublished specimens included in the database reside in the University of California Museum of Paleontology (for Nevada; the Railroad Canyon area, Idaho;), the American Museum of Natural History and University of Montana (for Railroad Canyon), and the Carnegie Museum of Natural History (for Railroad Canyon and the Hepburnšs Mesa Formation, Montana). Unpublished specimen counts were also included for a few localities by surveying museum online databases. These included the online resources of the American Museum of Natural History (for the Sheep Creek, Olcott, and Snake Creek Formations, Nenzel Quarry and Timm Ranch Site, Nebraska; Wikieup, Arizona; and the San Juan and Rak Camel quarries, New Mexico) and the University of California Museum of Paleontology (Johnson Canyon and Little Dike Locality, Oregon; Tecuya Canyon, California). (4) We coded and entered the information extracted from the literature or collections in a standard way as specified in MIOMAP data tables http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/miomap/about/lookuptables.html. Process_Date: 20050101 (January 1, 2005) Process_Step:Process_Description: Taxonomic assignments were updated according to published literature as of 2004, with the general standards being Janis et al. (1998), Korth (1994), and McKenna and Bell (1997) See Source Information for Details. Process_Date: 20050101 (January 1, 2005) Process_Step:Process_Description: Age assignments were taken from the original publications, then updated to conform to Tedford et al. (2004), based on the trail of information that could be followed through the literature regarding the stratigraphic position of specimens. Prior to 2004, publications based on the then-existing MIOMAP database utilized a previously accepted standard (Woodburne and Swisher, 1995)see Source Information and the online data structure for details. Process_Date: 20050101 (January 1, 2005) Process_Step:Process_Description: In general, data acquisition proceeded state-by-state, with the following protocol for each state. For states not listed below, no data was entered. Arizona: All data extracted and entered by M. A. Carrasco in 2003. California: All data extracted and entered by M. A. Carrasco in 2004. Colorado: All data extracted and entered by M. A. Carrasco from 2003-2004. Idaho: Initial taxon lists compiled by A. D. Barnosky in 2000; updates and data entry by S. Minter and M. A. Carrasco in 2000-2001; updates by A. D. Barnosky and M. A. Carrasco in 2004. Utilizes unpublished specimens from the Railroad Canyon area that reside in the University of California Museum of Paleontology, University of Montana Department of Geology, and American Museum of Natural History. A report listing all of these specimens has been submitted to the Journal of Paleontology. Kansas: All data extracted and entered by M. A. Carrasco from 2003-2004. Montana: Initial data extracted and entered by M. A. Carrasco in 1999; taxon lists compiled by A. D. Barnosky in 2000; updates and data entry by S. Minter in 2001 and M. A. Carrasco in 2004. Utilizes unpublished specimens from Hepburnšs Mesa, Montana. These specimens were identified by Barnosky and graduate students (S. S. B. Hopkins for aplontids and mylagaulids; B. Kraatz for lagomorphs) and reside in Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Nebraska: All data extracted and entered by M. A. Carrasco from 2001-2003. Nevada: |
